>> FUNDING FOR TO THE CONTRARY PROVIDED BY...

THE OAK FOUNDATION, THE COLCOM FOUNDATION, THE E. RHODES AND LEONA B. CARPENTER FOUNDATION, THE EL HIBRI FOUNDATION, AND THE CHARLES A. FRUEAUFF FOUNDATION.

>> THIS WEEK ON TO THE CONTRARY... FIRST, 2015 IN REVIEW.

HOW DID WOMEN AND PEOPLE OF COLOR FARE?

THEN BREAST-FEEDING TRUTHS, MYTHS AND BATTLES.

BEHIND THE HEADLINES, JANE GOODAL ON THE IMPACT OF WOMEN'S HEALTH ON THE ANIMAL WORLD.

[♪♪♪] >> HELLO I'M BONNIE ERBE WELCOME TO THE CONTRARY A DISCUSSION OF NEWS AND SOCIAL TRENDS FROM DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES.

UP FIRST, THE WILD AND CRAZY 2015.

>> 2015 WAS A YEAR OF PROGRESS AND REGRESSION ACROSS MULTIPLE FRONTS.

FOR THE FIRST TIME IN U.S. HISTORY TWO WOMEN RAN FOR MAJOR PARTY PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATIONS.

HILLARY CLINTON REMAINING THE OVERWHELMING FAVORITE TO WIN THE DEMOCRATIC RACE.

CARLY FIORINA HAS GARNERED A MOUNTAIN OF MEDIA ATTENTION BUT IS A LONGSHOT FOR THE REPUBLICAN NOMINATION.

DEBATE CONTINUES OVER ABORTION RIGHTS AS MORE STATES PASS LAWS DEVISED TO MAKE ACCESS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE.

AND THE SUPREME COURT WILL RULE ON THE CONSTITUTIONAL OF A TEXAS CASE THAT CLOSED MANY CLINICS.

ON ANOTHER FRONT THE U.S. WAS DOWN GRADED ON A LIST OF 144 COUNTRIES RATED BY THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM FOR ADVANCING GENDER EQUALITY FALLING TO 28.

AND THE U.S. FELL TO 74TH ON WAGE EQUALITY AS THE U.N.

CAME TOGETHER TO CELEBRATE THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF BEIJING CONFERENCE ON WOMEN ENGAGING MEN IN THE CONVERSATION WAS FRONT AND CENTER.

IMMIGRATION AND RACE RELATIONS WERE BIG ISSUES IN 2015.

THE BRACK LIVES MATTER MOVEMENT STARTED BY THREE MOMS TOOK OFF WITH CONCERNS OF POLICE BRUTALITY IN THE DEATHS OF BLACK MEN AND WOMEN.

AND AFTER A WOMAN TOOK PART IN THE WORK TERRORIST TERRORIST ATTACKS SINCE 9/11 DONALD TRUMP STIRRED UP CONTROVERSY BY SUGGESTING A TEMPORARY BAN ON MUSLIM IMMIGRANTS.

SO, WHERE DO WOMEN AND MINORITY RIGHTS STAND AT THE END OF 2015 AND AS WE GO INTO 2016?

>> OBVIOUSLY IT IS A VERY MIXED PACKAGE OF ISSUES AND SITUATIONS.

I HAPPEN TO BE OPTIMISTIC PARTICULARLY AFTER HILLARY CLINTON WILL BECOME THE NEXT PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.

>> I AGREE IT'S BEEN SO MANY HEADLINES ABOUT MINORITIES AND WOMEN AND HOW MANY THINGS AFFECTED US NEGATIVELY.

BUT I THINK THE RIGHTS WE HAVE WILL REMAIN INTACT AND THEY WILL SO.

>> I WILL REMAIN POSITIVE BUT WE HAVE OUR WORK CUT OUT ESPECIALLY WITH THE RISE OF EXTREMISM IN AMERICA AND AROUND THE WORLD.

>> I AGREE WITH EVERYBODY ELSE AS WELL.

HOPEFULLY 2016 WILL BE BETTER.

BUT WOMEN AND MEN DO HAVE THE SAME RIGHTS.

THERE IS NO RIGHT THAT A MAN HAS THAT A WOMAN DOESN'T.

I DO NOT THINK IT'S AS BAD AS THEY ARE TRYING TO MAKE IT SEEM.

>> IS THAT TRUE?

>> THE DATA DOES NOT SHOW IT.

>> YOU MENTIONED BEFORE WE STARTED TAPING, JANET YELL LEN MADE THE DECISION THAT CAME OUT AND RAISED INTEREST RATES IN ALMOST A DECADE AND NOBODY WAS TALKING ABOUT THE FACT THAT A WOMAN WAS CHAIR OF THE FED.

SO IS THAT PROGRESS?

>> I THINK THAT IS ABSOLUTE PROGRESS.

WHY SHOULD HER GENDER MATTER?

SHE IS A STRONG LEADER AND SOMEBODY WHO IS DOING A GREAT JOB.

I DO NOT AGREE WITH HER ENTIRELY ON POLICIES BUT GREAT JOB IN TERMS OF BEING A LEADER.

>> I WANT TO TAKE THE DISCUSSION TO THE LAWS AND THE ISSUES THAT IMPACT THE WORKING CLASS AND THE AVERAGE PERSON WHO YOU MAKE LAWS FOR.

AND THE DATA SHOWS THERE IS A LOT OF INQUALITY, THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC FORUM DOWNGRADE THE UNITED STATES FROM 20 TO 28 AND ONE OF THE REASONS IS THE LACK OF REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN HIGH POSITIONS OF GOVERNMENT.

AND AS A DEMOCRAT I HAVE TO SAY OBAMA HAS NOT DONE THE BEST JOB ON THAT ONE.

AND HE SHOULD TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR IT.

AND OUR LAWS IN TERMS OF PARENTAL LEAVE AND CHILDCARE MANY LAWS MAINSTREAM LAWS WE DO NOT HAVE IN THE UNITED STATES AND THAT IMPACTS TREMENDOUSLY WOMEN PARTICULARLY WOMEN WITH CHILDREN.

>> AND DO YOU THINK THAT IS GOING TO CHANGE IN 2016?

>> I THINK AS THE PRESIDENTIAL RACE HEATS UP THAT PAID FAMILY LEAVE ESPECIALLY IF HILLARY CLINTON BECOMES THE DEMOCRATIC NOMINEE THAT MIGHT BE AN ISSUE.

I PERSONALLY AM AGAINST MORE GOVERNMENT MANDATES AND INVOLVEMENT.

BUT I THINK THERE SHOULD BE A WAY TO ENCOURAGE COMPANIES TO DO THAT.

I THINK THAT INCENTIVES THAT MIGHT WORK.

I AM NOT AGAINST IT, I JUST DO NOT WANT A GOVERNMENT BAND-AID.

>> I WANT TO SWITCH TOPICS.

BUT ON THE TRICKY TRACK ISSUE OF ABORTION, IT SEEMS LIKE STATES KEEP ADDING MORE AND MORE RESTRICT SHOPS AND THAT ACCESS TO ABORTIONS IS MUCH, MUCH MORE LIMITED THAN IN '73 AND THERE WERE NO BARRIERS IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER.

>> I THINK WHAT REPUBLICANS HAVE SOUGHT OUT IS TO PROTECT THE PRO-LIFE MOVEMENT WHICH THEY FEEL IS GETTING A SLAP IN THE FACE GIVEN ALL THE THINGS THAT HAPPENED WITH THE PLANNED-PARENTHOOD SELLING THE PARTS OF THE BABIESMENT AND THEY FEEL THEIR VIEWS ARE IN DANGER.

>> THE ALLEGATION WAS FOUND TO BE FALSE.

IF YOU LOOK AT THE DOMESTIC POLITICS IS YOUR ROUNDING ABORTION AND WOMEN'S HEALTH, PLANNED-PARENTHOOD HAS BECOME THE SYMBOL OF EMBODYING KIND OF ALL THE -- >> ACCESS TO ABORTIONS.

AND BIRTH CONTROL WHICH IS BEING ATTACKED BY CONSERVATIVES AND REPUBLICANS.

>> AND THE PROBLEM HERE IS IT'S NOT EQUAL.

NOT IF YOU LIVE IN CALIFORNIA OR NEW YORK IT'S IMPACTING THE STATES WITH THE LARGEST, POOREST COMMUNITIES.

I AMK PAING THE LATINO COMMUNITY WITH HIGH BIRTHING RATES AND IT IS NOT A GOOD OUT COME IN TERMS OF ECONOMIC ISSUES.

>> AND YET, YOU KNOW, THE NGO IS WORKING AGAINST TEEN PREGNANCY HAVE MADE GREAT STRIDES.

WHY IS THAT?

>> WELL, BECAUSE, AGAIN, IN COMMUNITIES THAT ALLOW THEY ARE GIVING THE RIGHT EDUCATION WHICH IS DON'T HAVE SEX BUT IF YOU ARE GOING TO HAVE SEX HAVE ACCESS TO CONTRACEPTION.

>> THE YEARS OF ABSTINENCE HAVE BEEN DECLINING.

>> AND ABORTION RATES ARE FALLING IN THE COUNTRY.

SO.

>> BUT THAT IS -- THAT IS BECAUSE THERE ARE SO MANY LIKE RU486 OVER-THE-COUNTER NOW, HORMONE PILLS THAT YOUNG WOMEN CAN TAKE AFTER THEY HAVE HAD SEX.

>> OR PLAN B.

>> I DO NOT THINK RU486 IS OVER-THE-COUNTER.

PLAN B.

>> WOMEN ARE TAKING IT INTO THEIR HANDS.

I THINK WOMEN ARE TRYING BUT THE REPUBLICANS KEEP HOLDING CONGRESS OVER THIS ISSUE.

AND.

>> IS THAT PROGRESS OR NOT?

>> NO, IT ISN'T.

I THINK IT'S HOLDING THE WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENT BACK BECAUSE WE ARE FIGHTING FOR THE RIGHT THAT IS STILL LEGAL BUT IT'S COMPLETELY INACCESSIBLE TO WOMEN IN THIS COUNTRY.

THE OBSERVATION COMMITTEE WAS HERE AND THEY WERE SHOCKED AT THE SITUATION OF WOMEN'S RIGHTS.

BECAUSE ONE WAS FROM POLAND AND THE POLAND ABORTION LAWS ARE THE LAWS THAT THE CONSERVATIVES ARE WORKING TOWARD.

>> AMERICA IS ONE OF THE FEW INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRY IN THE WORLD THAT WOMEN'S MOTHER RATES ARE RISING.

>> AND THE RACE ISSUE THIS YEAR THERE ARE TWO WITH IMMIGRATION AND TRUMP.

BUT THE BIGGER ONE THAT DOMINATED MUCH OF THE YEAR WAS FERGUSON POLICE WHITE POLICEMEN SHOOTING BLACK YOUNG MEN AND MEN AND KILLING THEM.

AND BEFORE A YEAR OR TWO AGO BEFORE FERGUSON NOBODY KNEW ABOUT THIS.

ARE WE -- AND YET IT STILL KEEPS HAPPENING.

>> WE'VE MADE PROGRESS IS SEEING WHAT THE STATE OF RELATIONS IS BETWEEN LAW ENFORCEMENT AND LOW INCOME AND AFRICAN-AMERICAN MALES.

WE'VE SEEN HIGH RATES OF INCARCERATION WITH AFRICAN-AMERICAN MALES AND I THINK SEEING THAT POLICE BRUTALITY IS A PROBLEM IN CERTAIN ENCLAVES WHERE BALTIMORE FREDDIE GRAY'S POLICE OFFICER WHO WAS AFRICAN-AMERICAN AS WELL WAS LED TO A MISTRIAL.

AND WHAT WE HAVE SEEN HERE IS THAT WE NEED TO CONFRONT THIS ISSUE HEAD ON BECAUSE OUR LAW ENFORCEMENT IS THERE TO PROTECT US BUT THEY CANNOT GET TOO POWERFUL.

>> AND WHAT HAPPENED THIS YEAR WHICH WAS FASCINATING IS WE HAD VIDEO FOOTAGE REAL FOOTAGE OF WHAT THE BLACK COMMUNITY HAS BEEN SAYING FOR A LONGTIME.

>> THE BLACK LIVES MATTER IS A MOVEMENT.

>> STARTED BY MOMS.

>> BY MOMLESS.

AND THERE IS A LOT OF CONSENSUS REPUBLICANS AND DEMOCRATS ON COME OF THE SENTENCING REFORM THAT IS NECESSARY.

AND ACTUALLY THERE IS A BILL I BELIEVE OUT OF THE SENATE JUDICIARY COMMITTEE GOING TO THE FLOOR OF THE SENATE ON SENTENCING REFORM AND REALLY WE NEED TO REFORM OUR CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM.

>> WE HAVE AN OVERCRIMINALLIZATION PROBLEM HERE.

>> AND WE HAVE AN OVERPRIVATIZED PRISON SYSTEM WHICH LOBBIES, WHICH TAKES MONEY THAT SHOULD BE GOING TO GOVERNMENTS AND USES IT TO LOBBY CONGRESS TO PRIVATIZE MORE PRISONS.

THAT IS A LARGE REASON WHY WE HAVE ONE -- THE HIGHEST INCARCERATION RATES.

>> 12 MILLION AMERICANS.

>> AND SO MANY ARE NONVIOLENT.

AND ONE OF THE THINGS I THOUGHT WAS INTERESTING ABOUT BLACK LIVES MATTER IT'S KIND OF SHINING A LIGHT ON OTHER ISSUES THAT ARE AFFECTING THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN COMMUNITY IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE.

SO ERIC GARDNER HIGHLIGHTING IN A WAY, LIKE RIDICULOUS TAXES ON SINGLE CIGARETTES.

WALTER SCOTT HIGHLIGHTING PROBLEMS IN THE FAMILY COURT A CYCLE OF MEN WHO CANNOT AFFORD TO PAY CHILD SUPPORT KEEP GETTING PUT IN PRISON AND LOSE THEIR JOB AND YOU HAVE THIS CYCLE.

YOU HAVE THESE SEPARATE ISSUES THAT ARE COMING TO LIGHT BECAUSE CRIMINAL JUSTICE THE PROBLEMS WITH IT, IT'S NOT JUST COPS SHOOTING BLACK MEN.

THERE ARE SO MANY PROBLEMS.

>> DO WE THINK WE WILL SEE -- YOU MENTIONED THE BILL WILL WE SEE REFORM?

HOW WILL THIS AFFECT WOMEN IN PRISS ESPECIALLY?

THE -- PRISON?

THE FASTEST GROWING POPULATION AND THE MEN HAVE BEEN THE MAJORITY OVER TIME.

>> YES.

YES.

THERE IS AGAIN A MOVEMENT THAT IS BEYOND JUST DEMONSTRATION BUT SEEING A SPECIFIC PROPOSALS IN CONGRESS.

I'M VERY OPTIMISTIC WE WILL SEE A CHANGE IN THE SENTENCING LAWS.

>> I WAS BUT NOW I READ THAT BLACK LIVES MATTER BUT BLACK WITNESS DOES NOT MATTER.

EVEN IF WE HAVE THE EVIDENCE AND THE FOOTAGE IT DOESN'T MAKE THE DIFFERENCE IN THE SENTENCING.

>> BUT CRIMINAL JUSTICE REFORM IS UP WITH OF THE MOST TRUE BIPARTISAN ISSUES RIGHT NOW.

REPUBLICANS VERY BIG INTO IT AND DEMOCRATS VERY BIG INTO IT FOR SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT REASONS.

BUT ON THE SAME PAGE.

>> LET'S SWITCH LAST THING TO IMMIGRATION.

WHAT DOES DONALD TRUMP AND RAISING THE ISSUE AND RUNNING FOR THE MOST PART AHEAD OF THE REST OF THE REPUBLICAN PACK ON BECAUSE OF HIS RAISING THE QUESTION OF IMMIGRATION NOT ONLY IN TERMS OF HISPANICS BUT ALSO PUTTING A TEMPORARY BAN ON MUSLIM IMMIGRANTS.

YOUR THOUGHTS.

IS THIS PROGRESS OR REGRESSION?

>> IT'S TOTAL REGRESSION FOR PEOPLE OF COLOR AND DIFFERENT FAITHS.

I UNDERSTAND MANY OF THE PRINCIPLES THE COUNTRY WAS FOUNDED ON.

BUT THERE'S SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE.

RELIGIOUS LIBERTY IS TRUE FOR A REASON.

WHAT Mr. TRUMP HAS ENDANGERED THAT.

HE LEFT THE DOOR OPEN FOR EVERYBODY TO START MAKING THESE REMARKS ABOUT ANY RACE ANYBODY THAT COMMITS CRIMES AGAINST FELLOW CITIZENS BECAUSE THEY HAPPEN TO BE MUSLIM EXTREMISTS.

>> WHY IS HE SO POPULAR?

>> THAT IS WHAT I FIND SO TERRIFYING AS A MUSLIM.

IT'S SO TERRIFYING WHAT HE IS SAYING BUT THE REACTION FROM SUPPORTERS AND THE CROWD IS MORE TERRIFYING.

I MEAN I DO NOT THINK I'VE EVER BEEN SCARED THE WAY I AM NOW.

I FEEL LIKE THIS A GENDERED IMPACT OF THIS ANTI-MUSLIM RHETORIC AND CLIMATE.

AND I FEEL WOMEN WHO WAR THE HIJAB ARE BEING AFFECTED AND DONALD TRUMP IS DANGEROUS.

>> AND THIS IS A WAKE-UP CALL PARTICULARLY FOR PEOPLE THAT CARE FOR THOSE COMMUNITIES AND PEOPLE LIKE ME I AM FROM THE LATINO COMMUNITY AND THE COMMENTS ARE PAINFUL.

WE NEED TO MOBILIZE AND GET ENGAGED.

>> FOLLOW ME ON TWITTER @BONNIEERBE.

>>> FROM ACTIVISM TO LACTIVISM.

>> IS BREAST-FEEDING ALL THAT?

POLITICAL SCIENCE PROFESSOR KOURTNEY YOUNG'S NEW BLACK LACTIVISM DESCRIBES THE MOMMY WARS AND POLITICAL ACTIVISM BY THE LACTIVISM MOVEMENT WHETHER INTENTIONALLY OR NOT SHAME NEW MOTHERS WHO DID NOT BREAST-FEED.

EXPOSES HOW MEDICINE, POLITICS, RELIGION, FEMINISM, RACE AND CLASS, FUELED BREAST-FEEDING ACTIVISM.

BREAST-FEEDING IS WIDELY ACCEPTED BY PARENTS AND DOCTORS AS THE BEST FOOD FOR BABIES.

CAMPAIGNS AND INITIATIVES HELPED BONDING BENEFITS ENCOURAGING MOMS TO BREAST-FEED.

IN 2012 THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS AND THE CENTERS 0 ARE DISEASE CONTROL DECLARED THE FAILURE TO BREAST-FEED A PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE.

>> YOU HAVE BREAST-FEEDING BEING GRADUALLY REDEFINED AS PUMPING BREAST MILK SO SOMEBODY ELSE FEEDS YOUR BABY FROM A BOTTLE.

THAT TURNS BREAST-FEEDING INTO AN INDUSTRY.

IT MEANS THAT BREAST PUMP MANUFACTURERS ARE MAKING A LOT OF MONEY OUT OF EXTOLLING THE BENEFITS OF BREAST-FEEDING OR EXTOLLING THE BENEFITS OF BREAST MILK.

WE HAVE A SURPLUS OF HUMAN MILK IN THE UNITED STATES.

NOW WE HAVE A LARGE GROWING UNREGULATED MARKET IN HUMAN MILK.

>> 79% OF AMERICAN MOTHERS INITIATE BREAST-FEEDING.

49% ARE STILL BREAST-FEEDING AT SIX MONTHS.

PARENTS WHO FOR A VARIETY REASONS MAKE THE PERSONAL CHOICE TO BOTTLE FEED OFTEN FEEL STIGMATIZED FOR THAT DECISION.

>> 15% OF WOMEN CANNOT PRODUCE ENOUGH MILK.

OTHER WOMEN CANNOT BREAST-FEED BECAUSE THEY NEED TO RETURN TO WORK RIGHT AWAY.

AND SOME WOMEN SIMPLY PREFER NOT TO BREAST-FEED.

>> ALL RIGHT.

SO, RINA WHO JUST HAD HEY BABY, DO YOU SENSE ANY WAR BETWEEN BREAST-FEEDING AND NON-BREAST-FEEDING NEW MOMS?

>> BETWEEN THE MOTHERS WHO BREAST-FEED AND WHO DON'T BREAST-FEED THERE IS A LOT OF JUDGMENT.

IS THERE AN EMERGING WAR?

I'M NOT SURE BUT THERE IS JUDGMENT THAT LED MOTHERS WHO DO NOT BREAST-FEED WHO PUMP AS I DO, TO FEEL WORSE ABOUT THEMSELVES.

I THINK I HAVE BEEN SHAMED IN THE COUPLE WEEKS FOR NOT PUTTING MY CHILD UP TO BREAST.

BY FRIENDS, BY CONSULTANTS WHO I THOUGHT WERE FRIENDS, BECAUSE THIS IS A TIME WHERE A MOTHER NEEDS A LOT OF SUPPORT AND IT IS A MOTHER'S DECISION.

TO SAY I WANT TO DO FORMULA OR I WANT TO EXCLUSIVELY PUMP OR PUT MY CHILD AT THE BREAST AND LET HER OR HIM GET WHAT THEY CAN GET.

FOR ME IT IS A LIFESTYLE CHOICE AND THAT IS OK. >> WHY THE DIFFERENCE?

I'M CHILD-FREE BY CHOICE.

I DO NOT HAVE A DOG IN THIS FIGHT.

BUT WHY WOULD ONE MOTHER CARE IF ANOTHER MOTHER CHOOSES TO PUMP?

>> I NEVER EXPERIENCED ANYTHING LIKE THAT.

THE REAP I BREAST-FED THEY TOLD ME THE POOP WOULD NOT SMELL.

OK LET ME BREAST-FEED AND THERE ARE OTHER BENEFITS FROM BREAST-FEEDING AND IT IS A GOOD THING.

BUT YOU KNOW, I COULDN'T BREAST-FEED COMPLETELY.

I GAVE FORMULA I NEVER FELT JUMPED.

AND FORMULA WAS EXPENSIVE.

>> I THINK THE STRUGGLE IS REAL.

AND I THINK IN THE PAST COUPLE OF YEARS IT'S INTENSIFYING.

THE MOMMY WAR IS FROM WHAT SCHOOL YOUR KID IS GOING TO GO TO IS THAT FOOD ORGANIC, IT'S SO BAD.

I BREAST-FED FOR THREE MONTHS, I'M TELLING EVERYBODY AND I HAD SO MANY MEDICAL ISSUES MY DOCTORS WANTED ME TO STOP BREAST-FEEDING.

AND I WAS BUYING INPHENOMENA MILL AND A WOMAN WAS LIKE DON'T GIVE YOUR BABY FORMULA.

I'M LIKE WHO ARE YOU?

I NEVER CARE ABOUT WHAT STRANGERS ARE FEEDING THEIR KIDS.

THE JUDGMENT AND THE PRESSURE GETS WORSE.

IT COMES FROM A JUDGMENTAL SOCIETY.

I AM THE ONLY ONE OF THE PANELISTS THAT DO NOT HAVE CHILDREN.

>> BUT YOU HAVE CATS.

>> THIS JUDGMENTAL SOCIETY THAT WE HAVE TO TELL OTHER PEOPLE WHAT LIKE WE KNOW BEST FOR EVERYBODY ELSE.

>> BUT DOESN'T IT USUALLY SURROUND PREGNANT WOMEN?

>> IT DOES.

>> DO MEN GET THAT KIND OF JUDGMENT.

>> OTHER MOMS JUDGE IF YOU ARE NOT BREAST-FEEDING BUT IF YOU ARE AND YOU GO OUT IN PUBLIC AND BREAST-FEED THEN YOU ARE JUDGED THERE.

AND WHATEVER.

IF YOU ARE A TRAIN WITH A FORMULA NOBODY SAYS ANYTHING.

YOU CANNOT WIN.

>> WE NEED TO TALK ABOUT THE RULES IS WHEN THE FORMULA WAS SOLD IN AFRICA AND -- >> CHINA HAD -- >> OUR MOTHER'S GENERATION MY MOTHER DID NOT BREAST-FEED IT WAS FORMULA THAT WAS THE THING TO DO IN HER GENERATION.

WHEN THE SCANDAL CAME ABOUT AND THEY STARTED THE BOYCOTT OF THE FORMULA AND THE STUDIES CAME ABOUT AND IT WENT TO THE OTHER EXTREME AVOID THE FORMULA AT ALL COSTS.

>> IT'S STYLISH.

BREAST-FEEDING IS THE NEW BLACK BECAUSE IT'S MEANT TO SHOW THAT I CAN DO IT ALL.

I'M BREAST-FEEDING BY PRESSURE.

I AM MARRIED TO A PHYSICIAN THAT WENT TO MEDICAL SCHOOL THAT BREAST WAS BEST.

I DID THIS AS A JOINT DECISION WITH MY HUSBAND.

I WILL DO THIS BECAUSE THERE ARE A LOT OF BENEFITS TO BREAST-FEEDING BUT I UNDERSTAND THE MOTHERS WHO LIE AND SAY MY CHILD DID NOT LATCH AND THEY GO STRAIGHT TO FORMULA BECAUSE THEY ARE MAKING THAT LIFESTYLE DECISION.

I UNDERSTAND WHERE THEY ARE COMING FROM.

>> WHAT YOU SAID IS THERE'S JUDGMENT BETWEEN WOMEN WHO BREAST-FEED AND WOMEN WHO PUMP THAT THEIR OWN MILK IS GOING TO THE CHILD.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE?

>> THERE ARE STUDIES THAT SHOW THERE IS BENEFIT TO HAVING THE CHILD AT THE BREAST BUT NOT BIG ENOUGH TO SAY IF IT'S NOT WORKING FOR YOU AND SOMETHING YOU WANT TO DO, I ADMIT I FOUND IT TO BE DIFFICULT THE PAST TWO WEEKS AND WE MADE THE DECISION IF I PUMPED AT LEAST SHE IS GETTING THE MILK.

>> WONDERFUL.

BEHIND THE HEADLINES Dr. JANE GOODALL, THE PRIMOLOGIST KNOWN FOR HER WORK WITH CHIMPANZEES IS ALSO FOCUSING ON WOMEN'S HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT.

>> LET ME START OBVIOUSLY AS I BEGAN WHICH WAS HAVING A CHILDHOOD DREAM OF GETTING OUT TO AFRICA, MEETING THE LATE LEWIS LEAKY AND HAVING THE OPPORTUNITY TO STUDY CHIMPANZEES WHO HAPPEN TO BE OUR CLOSEST LIVING RELATIVES.

>> Dr. JANE GOODALL IS THE FOREMOST EXPERT ON CHIMPANZEES.

HER RESEARCH AT GOMBE STREAM NATIONAL PARK TAUGHT US THAT CHIMPS AND HUMANS SHARE CHARACTERISTICS.

SHE SPENDS HER TIME ADVOCATING FOR ANIMALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT.

HER TARGET AUDIENCE: YOUNG PEOPLE AND WOMEN.

>> I THINK WOMEN TRADITIONALLY HAVING A GREATER FEELING OF THE LAND.

MOST OF THE RURAL WOMEN ARE FARMERS AND TEND THE LAND.

THEY UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSERVATION, FRESH WATER.

>> GOODALL FEARS INCREASING POPULATION AND OVERUSE OR WHAT SHE CALLS THEFT OF OUR FINITE NATURAL RESOURCES ARE UP SUSTAINABLE.

>> THE QUESTION IS HOW IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE MOST ININTELLECTUAL CREATURE IS DESTROYING ITS ONLY HOME.

>> A TRIP TO THE U.S.

INCLUDED A PRESENTATION AT THE STATE DEPARTMENT ON THE INTERSECTION BETWEEN GENDER, HEALTH AND CONSERVATION.

>> WOMEN PLAY SUCH A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN SOCIETY.

AND CERTAINLY IN RURAL AREAS OF AFRICA WHICH I AM MOST FAMILIAR WITH, THE WOMEN SUPPORT THE FAMILY.

>> GOODALL'S LOVE FOR THE CHAIRMAN CHIPS LED TO HER -- CHIMPANZEES LED TO HER WORK.

THERE WERE ONE MILLION CHIMPANZEES IN THE WILD.

TODAY THERE ARE FEWER THAN 300,000 AND THE MAIN REASON IS THE DESTRUCTION OF HABITAT.

>> WHEN I FLEW OVER GOMBE STREAM NATIONAL PARK I WAS NOT PREPARED TO LOOK DOWN TO COMPLETELY BARE HILLS WHERE THERE HAD BEEN THICK FOREST AND I REALIZED THERE WERE MORE PEOPLE LIVING THERE THAN MAN COULD SUPPORT.

TOO POOR TO BUY FOOD FROM ELSEWHERE.

HOW COULD WE TRY TO SAVE THE CHIMPANZEES WHEN PEOPLE AROUND THE EMOF THE FOREST WERE LIVING IN SUCH DIFFICULT CIRCUMSTANCES?

>> WHEN THE PROGRAM, AN EFFORT WAS CREATED.

>> VERY IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF THAT PROGRAM WAS WORKING WITH WOMEN IN HEALTH EDUCATION OF THEIR CHILDREN AND FAMILY PLANNING.

>> ANOTHER IMPORTANT COMPONENT WAS MICRO CREDIT.

>> THEY HAVE TO SELECT AND SUSTAINABLE PROJECTS FOR THE TINY LOANS THEY TAKE OUT.

EMPOWERING WOMEN WAS ONE OF THE BEST THINGS.

ALL AROUND THE WORLD AS FAMILY SIZE DECREASES, IT DECREASES AS WOMEN BECOME BETTER EDUCATED.

SO THIS HOLISTIC APPROACH TO REALLY CONSERVATION WORKED.

>> IN JUST 10 YEARS, THE HILLSIDE CHANGED FROM LOOKING LIKE THIS TO THIS.

GOODALL FOUNDED THE JANE GOODALL INSTITUTE TO ENGAGE AS MANY PEOPLE AS POSSIBLE IN CONSERVATION.

>> EVERYBODY SHOULD BE EMBRACING OUR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES.

THAT IS WHY I'M SO PASSIONATE ABOUT OUR YOUTH PROGRAM.

THAT PROGRAM IS INSPIRING YOUNG PEOPLE AND FROM A VERY EARLY AGE HELPING THEM TO UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT.

>> THE GOODALL INSTITUTE SPENT CLOSE TO 30 YEARS FOCUSING ON IMPROVING NOT ONLY THE COMMUNITIES IS YOUR ROUNDING APE HABITATS BUT ENVIRONMENTS WORLDWIDE.

WE NEED TO LOOK BEYOND SUSTAINABILITY.

>> YOU HAVE TO RESTORE WHAT IS GONE NOT SUSTAIN WHAT IS LEFT.

IF WE JUST ASK OURSELVES HOW DOES THIS IMPACT THE ENVIRONMENT OR HAS IT INVOLVED HUMAN SUFFERING?

HAS IT INVOLVED CRUELTY TO ANIMALS?

HOW MUCH FOSSIL FUEL HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN BRINGING IT TO ME?

AND YOU KNOW SO IF BILLIONS OF PEOPLE MAKE WISE CHOICES IN WHAT THEY EAT, WHAT THEY WEAR, HOW THEY TRAVEL, HOW THEY SAVE WATER AND ENERGY, THEN WE MOVE INTO A SORT OF WORLD THAT WE REALLY MUST EACH STRIVE TO CREATE, IF WE CARE AT ALL ABOUT THE FUTURE.

>> THAT IS IT FOR THIS EDITION.

FOLLOW ME ON TWITTER AND VISIT OUR WEBSITE, PBS.ORG/TOTHECONTRARY.

WE WISH YOU ALL A HAPPY HOLIDAY.

AND WHETHER YOU AGREE OR THINK TO THE CONTRARY, SEE YOU NEXT WEEK.

[♪♪♪] FOUNDATION.

FOR A TRANSCRIPT OR TO SEE AN ON-LINE VERSION OF THIS EPISODE OF TO THE CONTRARY PLEASE VISIT OUR WEBSITE, AT PBS.ORG/TOTHECONTRARY.

[♪♪♪]